Complex interdependence

Complex interdependence in international relations and international political economy is a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy.^[1][2] The concept entails that relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex. These increasingly complex webs of economic interdependence undermine state power and elevate the influence of transnational non-state actors.^[3][4] These complex relationships can be explored through both the liberal and realism lenses and can later explain the debate of power from complex interdependence.^[5]